O tesouro oculto no deserto: uma introdução a alguns dos principais temas associados aos Manuscritos do Mar Morto
Palavras-chave:
Período do Segundo Templo, Manuscritos do Mar Morto, Khirbet Qumran, Seitas judaicas, Sectarismo, EssenismoResumo
Aquela que é considerada a descoberta arqueológica do século XX trouxe à tona centenas de manuscritos datados do período do Segundo Templo escondidos em 11 grutas na região de Qumran, no Deserto da Judeia. Graças a ela, vislumbrou-se por meio de seus textos um judaísmo pré-rabínico dinâmico e multifacetado, insuspeito até aquele momento em meados do século passado. Uma literatura rica, composta de gêneros tão diversos como a poesia, a literatura sapiencial, comentários bíblicos, apocalíptica, regras de uma Comunidade peculiar, entre outros, mudou nossa forma de enxergar o período que gestou e viu nascer o judaísmo rabínico
e o cristianismo. As grutas, com seus inestimáveis tesouros, foram encontradas próximo a um conjunto de ruínas que muitos especialistas defendem ter sido o centro comunitário – ou um dos centros – de uma seita judaica radical, que pretendia isolar-se da sociedade circundante, considerada corrupta. Quem eram os autores desses textos, qual a natureza de seu grupo e onde habitavam, como viviam e no que acreditavam são algumas das questões que suscitaram de imediato na mente de biblistas e especialistas do judaísmo antigo no mundo inteiro. Alguns desses temas e seus desdobramentos até a atualidade serão tratados adiante, em nosso artigo.
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