O tesouro oculto no deserto: uma introdução a alguns dos principais temas associados aos Manuscritos do Mar Morto
Palabras clave:
Período do Segundo Templo, Manuscritos do Mar Morto, Khirbet Qumran, Seitas judaicas, Sectarismo, EssenismoResumen
Aquela que é considerada a descoberta arqueológica do século XX trouxe à tona centenas de manuscritos datados do período do Segundo Templo escondidos em 11 grutas na região de Qumran, no Deserto da Judeia. Graças a ela, vislumbrou-se por meio de seus textos um judaísmo pré-rabínico dinâmico e multifacetado, insuspeito até aquele momento em meados do século passado. Uma literatura rica, composta de gêneros tão diversos como a poesia, a literatura sapiencial, comentários bíblicos, apocalíptica, regras de uma Comunidade peculiar, entre outros, mudou nossa forma de enxergar o período que gestou e viu nascer o judaísmo rabínico
e o cristianismo. As grutas, com seus inestimáveis tesouros, foram encontradas próximo a um conjunto de ruínas que muitos especialistas defendem ter sido o centro comunitário – ou um dos centros – de uma seita judaica radical, que pretendia isolar-se da sociedade circundante, considerada corrupta. Quem eram os autores desses textos, qual a natureza de seu grupo e onde habitavam, como viviam e no que acreditavam são algumas das questões que suscitaram de imediato na mente de biblistas e especialistas do judaísmo antigo no mundo inteiro. Alguns desses temas e seus desdobramentos até a atualidade serão tratados adiante, em nosso artigo.
Citas
ALEXANDER, Philip. The Redaction-History of Serek ha-Yahad: a Proposal. In: Revue de Qumran, n. 65-68, Tomo 17, Fascículos 1-4, p. 437-453, dezembro de 1996.
BAILLET, Maurice. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert – VII. Qumrân Grotte 4 III (4Q482-4Q520). Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1982.
BAUMGARTEN, Joseph M. Studies in Qumran Law. Leiden: Brill, 1977.
______. The Qumran-Essene Restraints on Marriage. In: SCHIFFMAN, Lawrence H. (ed.). Archaeology and History in the Dead Sea Scrolls – The New York University Conference in Memory of Yigael Yadin. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, p. 13-24, 1990.
______. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert XVIII – Qumran Cave 4 XIII. The Damascus Document (4Q266-273). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
BERGER, Klaus. Qumran e Jesus: uma verdade escondida? Petrópolis: Vozes, 1995.
BERNSTEIN, Moshe. Women and Children in Legal and Liturgical Texts from Qumran. In: Dead Sea Discoveries – A Journal of Current Research on the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Volume XI. Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. 191-211, 2004.
BOCCACCINI, Gabrielle. Enochians, Urban Essenes, Qumranites: three Social Groups, One Intellectual Movement, p. 315. In: BOCCACCINI, G.; COLLINS, J. The Early Enoch Literature. Leiden: Brill, 2007, p. 301-28.
BOCKMUEHL, Markus. 1QS and Salvation at Qumran. In: CARSON, D.; O’BRIEN, P.; SEIFRID, M. Justification and Variegated Nomism Volume I: The Complexities of Second Temple Judaism. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck; Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, p. 381-414, 2001.
BROSHI, Magen. The Archeology of Qumran – a reconsideration. In: DIMANT, D; RAPPAPORT, U. (ed.). The Dead Sea Scrolls: Forty Years of Research. Leiden: Nova York, Köln: E.J. Brill. Jerusalém: The Magness Press, The Hebrew University; Jerusalém: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, p. 103-115, 1992.
ןארמוקב םייח תוחרוא .______ . Modos de vida em Qumran. In: KISTER, Menachen (ed.). The Qumran Scrolls and their World. Volume One. Jerusalém: Yad Ben-Zvi Press, 2009 (em hebraico).
BURROWS, Millar. Os Documentos do Mar Morto. Porto: Porto Editora, 1956.
CAMPBELL, Jonathan. The Use of Scripture in the Damascus Document 1-8, 19-20. Berlim, Nova York: Walter de Gruyter, 1995.
CHARLESWORTH, James H. (ed.); with BAUMGARTEN, J., DAVIS, M.; DUHAIME, J. OFER, Y; RIETZ, H.; ROBERTS, J.; SCHWARTZ, D.; STRAWN, B. and WHITAKER, R. Tradução de BAUMGARTEN, J.M.; SCHWARTZ, D. The Dead Sea Scrolls –
Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek Texts with English Translations. Volume 2: Damascus Document, War Scroll and Related Documents. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck e Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1995.
______. The Pesharim and Qumran History: chaos or consensus? Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans, 2002.
CHRISTIANSEN, Ellen. The Consciousness of Belonging to God’s Covenant and What it Entails According to the Damascus Document and the Community Rule. In: CRYER, F.; THOMPSON, T. Qumran between the Old and New Testaments. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998, p. 69-97.
COLLINS, John J. Beyond the Qumran Community: The Sectarian Movement of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Michigan Grand Rapids; Cambridge: William B. Eedmans Publishing Company, 2010.
CRAWFORD, Sidnie White. Not According to Rule: Women, the Dead Sea Scrolls and Qumran. In: PAUL, S.; KRAFT, R.; SCHIFFMAN, L.; FIELDS, W. (ed.). Emanuel Studies in Hebrew Bible, Septuagint and Dead Sea Scrolls in Honor of Emanuel Tov. Leiden, Boston: Brill, p. 127-150, 2003.
DAVIES, Philip. The Damascus Covenant: an Interpretation of the “Damascus Document”. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series, 25, 1983.
DAVILA, James. Liturgical Works. William Eerdmans Publishing Company: Cambridge: Grand Rapids, 2000.
DIMANT, Devorah. The Composite Character of the Qumran Sectarian Literature as an Indication of its Date and Provenance. In: Revue de Qumran, n. 88, Tomo 22, Fascículo 4, p. 615-630, dezembro de 2004.
______. Sectarian and Non-Sectarian Texts from Qumran: the Pertinence and Usage of a Taxonomy. In: Revue de Qumran, n. 93, Tomo 24, Fascículo 1, p. 7-18, junho de 2009.
DUPONT-SOMMER, André. Les Écrits Esséniens Découverts près de la Mer Morte. Paris: Editions Payot, 1990.
ESHEL, Hanan. ןארמוקב תויגולואכראה תוילגתה תודלות (A História das descobertas arqueológicas em Qumran). In: The Qumran Scrolls and their World. Volume One. Jerusalém: Yad Ben-Zvi Press, 2009, p. 3-24.
FALK, Daniel. Daily, Sabbath, and Festival Prayers in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, 1998.
FITZMYER, Joseph. 101 perguntas sobre os Manuscritos do Mar Morto. São Paulo: Edições Loyola, 1997.
GALOR, Katharina. Gender and Qumran. In: GUNNEWEG, Jan; ADRIAENS, Annemie; DIK, Joris (ed.). Holistic Qumran: Trans-Disciplinary Research of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. 29-38, 2010.
GOLB, Norman. Quem escreveu os Manuscritos do Mar Morto. Rio de Janeiro: Imago Editora, 1996.
GROSSMAN, Maxine. Reading for Gender in the Damascus Document. In: Dead Sea Discoveries – A Journal of Current Research on the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Volume XI. Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. 213-239, 2004.
HEGER, Paul. Qumranic Marriage Prohibitions and Rabbinic Equivalents. In: Revue de Qumran, n. 95, Tomo 24, Fascículo 3, p. 439-451, maio de 2010.
HEMPEL, Charlotte. The Earthly Essene Nucleus of 1QSa. In: Dead Sea Discoveries – A Journal of Current Research on the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Volume III. Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. 253-269, 1996.
______. The Laws of the Damascus Document: Source, Tradition and Redaction. Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, 1998.
HIRSCHFELD, Yizhar. Qumran in Context: Reassessing the Archaeological Evidence. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 2004.
HULTGREN, Stephen. A New Literary Analysis of CD XIX-XX, Part I: CD XIX: 1-32a (with CD VII: 4b-VIII 18b). The Midrashim and the “Princes of Judah”. In: Revue de Qumran, n. 84, Tomo 21, Fascículo 4, dezembro de 2004.
______. A New Literary Analysis of CD XIX-XX, Part II: CD XIX:32b-XX:34. The Punctuation of CD XIX: 33b-XX:1a and the Identity of the “New Covenant”. In: Revue de Qumran, n. 85, Tome 22, Fascículo 1, junho de 2005.
______. From the Damascus Covenant to the Covenant of the Community: Literary, Historical, and Theological Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2007.
KAPERA, Zdzislaw. Some Remarks on the Qumran Cemetery. In: WISE, Michael; GOLD, Norman; COLLINS, John; PARDEE, Dennis (ed.). Methods of Investigation of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Khirbet Qumran Site: Present Realities and Future Prospects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Volume 722. New York: The New
York Academy of Sciences, p. 97-113, 1994.
LICHT, Jacob. תוכרבה ךרס . הדעה ךרס . דחיה ךרס ׃הדוהי רבדמ תוליגממ, םיכרסה תליגמ . Rolo das Regras dos Rolos do Deserto da Judeia: Regra da Comunidade. Regra da Congregação. Regra das Bênçãos. 1ª edição. Jerusalém: The Bialik Institute, 1956 (em Hebraico).
MAGNESS, Jodi. The Archaeology of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls. (A Arqueologia de Qumran e dos Manuscritos do Mar Morto). 1ª edição. Michigan: Eerdmans Publishing, 2002.
MARTÍNEZ, Florentino García & BARRERA, Julio T. Os homens de Qumran. Literatura, estrutura e concepções religiosas. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1996.
MARTÍZEZ, Florentino Garcia & TIGCHELAAR, Eibert J.C. (ed.). The Dead Sea Scrolls: Study Edition. Volumes I and II. (Os Manuscritos do Mar Morto: Edição de Estudo. Volumes I e II). 1ª edição. Leiden – Nova York – Köln: Brill, 1997 e 1998, respectivamente.
METSO, Sarianna. The Textual Development of the Qumran Community Rule. Leiden – Nova York – Köln: Brill, 1997.
MURPHY-O’CONNOR, Jerome. La “Vérite” chez Saint Paul et a Qumrân. In: Revue Biblique. Tome LXXI. Paris: Librairie Lecoffre; J. Gabalda et Cie, Éditeurs, p. 29-76, 1965.
______. La Genèse Littéraire de la Règle de la Communauté. In: Revue Biblique. Tome LXXVI. Paris: Librairie Lecoffre; J. Gabalda et Cie, Éditeurs, p. 528-549, 1969.
______. An Essene Missionary Document? CD II, 14-VI, I. In: Revue Biblique. Tome LXXVII. Paris: Librairie Lecoffre; J. Gabalda et Cie, Éditeurs, p. 201-222, 1970.
______. A Literary Analysis of Damascus Document VI, 2-VIII, 3. In: Revue Biblique. Tome LXXVIII. Paris: Librairie Lecoffre; J. Gabalda et Cie, Éditeurs, p. 210-222, 1971.
______. A Literary Analysis of Damascus Document XIX 33-XX, 34. In: Revue Biblique. Tome LXXIX. Paris: Librairie Lecoffre; J. Gabalda et Cie, Éditeurs, p. 544-564, 1972.
______. The Critique of the Princes of Judah (CD VIII, 3-19). In: Revue Biblique. Tome LXXIX. Paris: Librairie Lecoffre; J. Gabalda et Cie, Éditeurs, p. 200-216, 1972.
______. The Essenes and Their History. In: Revue Biblique. Tome LXXXI. Paris: Librairie Lecoffre; J. Gabalda et Cie, Éditeurs, p. 215-244, 1974.
NEWSOM, Carol. “Sectually Explicit” Literature from Qumran. In: PROPP, William Henry; HALPERN, Balpern; FREEDMAN, David Noel. The Hebrew Bible and Its Interpreters. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, p. 167-185, 1990.
______. The Self as Symbolic Space: constructing identity and Community at Qumran. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2004.
QIMRON, Elisha. Celibacy in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Two Kinds of Sectarians. In: BARRERA, Julio Trebolle e MONTANER, Luis Vegas (ed.). 1ª edição. The Madrid Qumran Congress – Proceedings of the International Congress on the Dead Sea Scrolls. Madrid 18-21 March, 1991 (Volume One). Leiden; Nova York; Köln: E.J. Brill; Madri:
Editorial Complutense, p. 287-294, 1992.
______. The Dead Sea Scrolls – The Hebrew Writings. Volume One. Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi Press, 2010.
RABIN, Chaim. Yahad, Haburah, and the Essenes. In: LIVER, Jacob. Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls – Lectures delivered at the Third Annual Conference (1957) in Memory of E.L. Sukenik. Jerusalém: Kyriat Sefer Ltd., 1957, p. 104-122.
REGEV, Eyal. The Yahad and the Damascus Covenant: Structure, Organization and Relationship. In: Revue de Qumran, n. 82, Tomo 21, Fascículo 2, p. 233-262, dezembro de 2003.
______. Cherchez les Femmes: Were the Yahad Celibates? In: Dead Sea Discoveries – A Journal of Current Research on the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Volume XV. Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. 253-284, 2008.
ROTHSTEIN, David. Gen 24:14 and Marital Law in 4Q271 3: Exegetical Aspects and
Implications. In: Dead Sea Discoveries – A Journal of Current Research on the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Volume XII. Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. 189-204, 2005.
SCHECHTER, S. Documents of Jewish Sectaries – Volume I. Fragments of a Zadokite Work. Edited from Hebrew Manuscripts in the Cairo Genizah Collection Now in the Possession of the University Library, Cambridge, and Provided with an English Translation, Introduction and Notes. Cambridge: University Press, 1910.
SCHIFFMAN, Lawrence H. Sectarian Law in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Courts, Testimony and Penal Code. Chico, California: Scholars Press, 1983.
______. Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls: their true meaning for Judaism and Christianity. Nova York: Doubleday, 1995.
SCHOFIELD, Alison. The Eschatological Community of the Dead Sea Scrolls: a Study of the Rule of the Congregation. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989.
______. Rereading S: a New Model of Textual Development in Light of the Cave 4 Serekh Copies. In: Dead Sea Discoveries – A Journal of Current Research on the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Volume XV. Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. 96-120, 2008.
______.From Qumran to the Yaḥad: A New Paradigm of Textual Development for the Community Rule. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2009.
______. Between Center and Periphery: the Yaḥad in Context. In: Dead Sea Discoveries – A Journal of Current Research on the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature.Volume XVI. Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. 330-350, 2009.
SCHULLER, Eileen. Women in the Dead Sea Scrolls. In: WISE, Michael O.; GOLB, Norman; COLLINS, John; PARDEE, Dennis (ed.). Methods of Investigation of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Khirbet Qumran Site: Present Realities and Future Prospects – Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 722. Nova York: The New York Academy
of Sciences, p. 115-131, 1994.
______. Women in the Dead Sea Scrolls. In: FLINT, P.; VANDERKAM, J. (ed.). The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years – A Comprehensive Assessment. Volume Two. Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, p. 117-143, 1999.
______. Women in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Some Observations from a Dictionary. In: Revue de Qumran, n. 93, Tomo 24, Fascículo 1, p. 49-59, junho de 2009.
SCHWARTZ, Daniel. םײסיאהו הדוהי רבדמ ת (= The Dead Sea Sect and the Essenes). In: KISTER, Menahem. The Qumran Scrolls and their World. Volume Two. Jerusalém: Yad Ben-Zvi Press, p. 601-612, 2009.
SHEMESH, Aharon. 4Q271.3: A Key to Sectarian Matrimonial Law. In: Journal of Jewish Studies. Vol. XLIX, n. 2. Oxford: The Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies, p. 244-263, Autumn, 1998.
SHERIDAN, Susan Guise. Scholars, Soldiers, Craftsmen, Elites? Analysis of French Collection of Human Remains from Qumran. In: Dead Sea Discoveries: A Journal of Current Research on the Scrolls and Related Literature, Volume IX. Leiden: E.J. Brill, p. 223-248, 2002.
SILVA, Clarisse Ferreira da. O Comentário (Pesher) de Habacuc: a Comunidade de Qumran reinterpreta o passado. São Paulo: Humanitas, 2010.
______. O novo templo e a aliança sacerdotal da Comunidade de Qumran. São Paulo: Humanitas, 2013.
______. O caminho para o deserto: origem e formação da Comunidade de Qumran segundo análise histórica do Documento de Damasco e do Rolo das Regras. São Paulo: Humanitas, 2016.
SMITH, Morton. The Dead Sea Sect in Relation to Ancient Judaism. In: New Testament Studies 7, 1961, p. 347-360.
STEGEMANN, Hartmut. The Qumran Essenes – Local Members of the Main Jewish Union in Late Second Temple Times. In: BARRERA, Julio Trebolle e MONTANER, Luis Vegas (ed.). The Madrid Qumran Congress – Proceedings of the International Congress on the Dead Sea Scrolls. Madrid 18-21 March, 1991 – Volume One. 1ª edição. Leiden;
Nova York; Köln: E.J. Brill; Madri: Editorial Complutense, p. 83-166, 1992.
______. The Library of Qumran On the Essenes – Qumran, John the Baptist, and Jesus. Grand Rapids; Cambridge: Eerdmans Publishing Company; Leiden, Nova York; Köln: Brill Academic Publishers, 1998.
TALMON, Shemaryahu. The World of Qumran from Within. Jerusalém: The Magness Press, The Hebrew University; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1989.
TIGCHELAAR, Eibert. In Search if the Scribe of 1QS. In: PAUL, S.; KRAFT, R; SCHIFFMAN, L.; FIELDS, W. Emanuel Studies in Hebrew Bible Septuagint and Dead Sea Scrolls in Honor of Emanuel Tov. Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. 439-452, 2003.
VANDERKAM, James. The Dead Sea Scrolls Today. Grand Rapids: Eerdman, 1994.
______. O povo dos Manuscritos do Mar Morto: Essênios ou Saduceus? In: SHANKS, H. (org.). Para compreender os Manuscritos do Mar Morto. Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1993.
VERMES, Geza. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert XXVI – Qumran Cave 4 XIX Serekh Ha-Yaḥad and Two Related Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.
______. Jesus e o mundo do judaísmo. São Paulo: Loyola, 1996.
______. The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English. Nova York: Penguin Books, 1998.
WACHOLDER, Ben Zion. The New Damascus Document: The Midrash on the Eschatological Torah of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Reconstruction, Translation and Commentary. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2007.
WASSEN, Cecilia. Women in the Damascus Document. Mulheres no Documento de Damasco. 1ª edição. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2005.
WISE, Michael; ABEGG Jr., Martin; COOK, Edward. The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation. Os Manuscritos do Mar Morto: Uma nova tradução. 1ª edição. San Francisco: Harper, 2005.
YONGE, C.D. The Works of Philo – Complete and Unabridged. New Updated Edition. Hendrickson Publishers, 2007.
ZIAS, Joe. Qumran Archaeology Skeletons with Multiple Personality Disorders and Other Grave Errors. In: Revue de Qumran. N. 81, Tomo 21, Fascículo 1, p. 83-98, junho de 2003.
______. The Cemeteries of Qumran and Celibacy: Confusion Laid to Rest? In: CHARLESWORTH, James (ed.). Jesus and Archaeology. Jesus e Arqueologia. 1ª edição. Grand Rapids; Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, p. 444-471, 2006.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2021 Revista Estudos Bíblicos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
